How industrial symbiosis emerges through partnerships: actors, platforms, and stakeholder processes leading to collaborative business models in port industrial areas

The present paper explores how industrial symbiosis emergence unfolds within port areas. A multiple case study shows emerges through partnering and stakeholder processes that take the form of collaborative business models. Focusing on actors, platforms for collaboration, content processes, identifies drivers emergence, including importance geographical proximity agglomeration, which identify areas as natural habitats symbiosis. defining characteristic is collective effort actors to bridge economic, environmental, social objectives across private public sectors. Finally, suggests future research thereof may benefit from insights into corporate responsibility emerging field servitisation.